Thirteen Reasons Why by Jay Asher

Plot Diagram

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Characters

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Themes, Symbols, and Motifs

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Clay's Next Steps

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Bullying Prevention

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Literary Devices

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Essential Questions for Thirteen Reasons Why Book

1. What is the snowball effect? How can the snowball effect relate to your own life?
2. How can a person’s perspective be changed?
3. What role do rumors and reputation play at your school?
4. What can you do to help prevent your classmates from making destructive decisions?
5. What mistakes did Hannah make in dealing with her stress and unhappiness?

Background

Thirteen Reasons Why addresses many controversial topics that students may initially be uncomfortable discussing. Teachers, too, may find the subject matter difficult to approach. Before beginning the novel, teachers should take care to prepare with relevant background reading on subjects such as bullying, suicide, and sexual abuse. Make sure to also research appropriate authorities and helplines for providing official student support in these areas. The organizations below may be helpful resources for both teachers and students.

• National Institute for Mental Health

• National Suicide Hotline at 1-800-SUICIDE (1-800-784-2433)

• Rape, Abuse, Incest, National Network (RAINN), 1-800-656-HOPE

In addition to its powerful thematic content, Thirteen Reasons Why can be a wonderful tool for teaching literary concepts. Asher uses a creative story structure and alternating point of view to tell his story and maintain suspense. The novel contains parallel stories, which alternate every few lines from Clay’s narration in the present to Hannah’s narration in the past. Clay’s part of the story is told through stream of consciousness, a method of narration in which the speaker expresses thoughts and feelings in a continuous flow of words. Asher also employs unique formatting techniques, including italics to indicate Hannah’s recorded voice and symbols representing the “stop”, “pause”, and “play” functions of the cassette player. These symbols also indicate a switch in narrative point of view. Other literary devices to teach along with this novel include foil, tragic flaw, foreshadowing, irony, figurative language, and deus ex machina.

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