The Biography of Mexico 1810-1824
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A brief history of the biography of Mexico from 1810 to 1824.
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- Grito de DoloresI, Father Miguel Hidalgo, hereby demand Mexico's independence from Spain's 300 rule. The redistribution of our Mexican land will be put into place.Along with racial equality for everyone throughout the country.
- The Biography of Mexico 1810-1824
- By Laurel Sjoberg, Hunter Isaacson, and Kaitlyn Clougherty
- Due to the Grito de Dolores, the Mexican War of Independence is started in 1810 and lasts until 1821. Hidalgo and his troops continue to fight in and around Central Mexico, destroying Spanish troops.
- Mexico fell into the hands of Spain in August 1521, when Hernan Cortes and his army took control of the Aztec empire, ushering in three centuries of colonial rule and bringing in new diseases that destroyed a once flourishing population.
- Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla issues the Grito de Dolores ("Cry of Dolores") on September 16, 1810, calling for the end of the 300 years rule of the Spanish, redistribution of land, and racial equality.
- Grito de Dolores
- Father Jose Maria Morelos joins Hidalgo's forces, creating the Sentimientos de la Nacion ("Sentiments of the Nation") in 1813, while also demonstrating the massive discontent and power of Mexico's plebians as a threat to the imperial regime.
- Sentimientos de la NacionAmerica is free and independent of Spain and all other nations, governments, or monarchies.The Catholic faith is the sole religion, and no others will be tolerated.Ministers of religion to survive on tithes and first-fruits, with the people owing only devotion and offerings.Dogma as established by Church hierarchy: pope, bishops, and priests.Sovereignty emanates from the people and is placed in a Supreme National American Congress, made up of representatives from the provinces in equal numbers.Division of powers into appropriate executive, legislative, and judicial branches.Representatives to serve rotating four-year terms.Adequate remuneration for representatives, not exceeding 8000 pesos.Jobs to be reserved for Americans only.No foreigners to be admitted, unless they are artisans capable of sharing their skills and free of all suspicion.Liberal government to replace tyranny, with the expulsion of the Spaniards.Laws should promote patriotism and industry, moderate opulence and idleness, and improve the lot and the education of the poor.Laws should apply to all, with no privileges.Laws to be drafted and discussed by as many wise men as possible.That prohibits slavery forever, as the distinction of caste, being all equal and only vice and virtue distinguish an American from the other.Some of the nation's ports to be open to friendly foreign ships, subject to a 10% levy.Homes and property to be inviolable.Torture shall not be permitted.12 December to be dedicated to the Virgin of Guadalupe, and celebrated.Foreign troops should not enter the country and, if they do so to render assistance, may not approach the seat of government.No expeditions beyond the nation's borders to be permitted, particularly overseas expeditions; expeditions in the interior to spread the faith are allowed.An end to the payment of tributes; a tax of 5% or similar light amount to be levied.16 September to be consecrated as the anniversary of Independence
- The Mexican government, however, focused its resources on defeating Miguel Hidalgo's insurgents militarily, tracking down and publically executing its leadership.
- Grito de Dolores
- After Hidalgo's defeat at the Battle of Calderon Bridge, he flees north; however, he is later captured and executed in 1811.
- Miguel Hidalgo is still considered the "father of Mexico" and Mexico's independence day is September 16
- Although Hidalgo was now dead, the insurgency had already spread to more southern regions of Mexico, like Zitacuaro, Cuautla, and Antequera.
- Others like Mariano Matamoros, Guadalupe Victoria, Ignacio Lopez Rayon, and Vicente Guerrero also led armies of native and racially mixed revolutionaries against the Spanish and the Royalists. They also carried on the insurgency by organizing forces, using guerilla tactics, and creating organizations and written documents that formed the insurgent's goals.
- Following the execution of Hidalgo and many other insurgents, Ignacio Lopez Rayon gained leadership. After battling several Spanish troops in Puerto de Pinones, Zacatecas, El Maguey, and Zitacuaro, Rayon established the Suprema Junta Gubernativa de America ("Supreme National Governing Junta of America") which claimed to rule the insurgency.
- On November 6, 1813, Congress signed the first official document of independence: Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America. Some points:Independence from SpainCatholicism becomes the main religionAbolition of slavery and racial distinctions between all nations
- Mariano Matamoros
- Jose Mario Morelos is executed on November 5, 1815, after being captured and interrogated. After his execution, Vincente Guerrero is put into Mexican leadership, fighting for Mexican independence from 1815 to 1820, through guerilla warfare in the Tierra Caliente ("hot country") of southern Mexico and some of northern New Spain. During his leadership, the insurgency went into a stalemate. This period (1816-1820) is often considered "a period of military stalemate."In December of 1820, Spanish forces were sent to destroy Guerrero, being led by Spaniard Colonel Agustin de Iturbide. However, when Iturbide and Guerrero finally met, especially due to the decreasing pressure from the royalist military, Iturbide reached out to Guerrero to discuss abandoning the royalist cause.
- Vicente Guerrero
- Guadalupe Victoria
- Ignacio Lopez Rayon
- After Iturbide described his ideas and hopes for a new constitution, Guerrero and he negotiated the terms of what the constitution would actually become, Guerrero making sure to draw importance on equal rights for all races. After discussing how to merge the royalist and insurgence forces, Iturbide wrote the final draft of the Plan of Iguala (also known as the Act of Independence of North America) on February 24, 1821.
- Iturbide had to continue to convince royalist officers to switch sides and to support independence. After three main viceroys of the military command in Mexico City, nearly the whole country was in favor of the Plan of Iguala. On August 24, 1821, Spanish representatives, Juan O'Donoju, the new viceroy, and Iturbide signed the Treaty of Cordoba which recognized Mexican independence under the Plan of Iguala.
- Definition of viceroy"a ruler exercising authority in a colony on behalf of a sovereign."
- On the next day, Mexican independence was proclaimed in the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire. While Iturbide tried to decide who would become the new monarch of Mexico, his large following went to the streets, leading a mass demonstration on May 18, 1822, to demand that Iturbide accept the throne.
- The following day on May 19, 1822, Iturbide accepted the throne and became Emperor of Mexico, dissolving congress on October 31, of the same year, and replacing it with a more sympathetic junta.However, after a short ruling, republican leaders Santa Anna and Guadalupe Victoria get rid of Iturbide and set up their own republic, having Guadalupe Victoria become its first president.
- Definition of junta"committee or administrative council, particularly one that rules a country after a coup d'etat and before a legal government has been established."
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