This is the mental functions that Vygotsky says help us develop. He said we use our attention, sensation, perception, and memory.
What the subject can do with guidance
Vygotsky uses the zone of proximal development to show what the subject is able to learn or not able to learn. Like you cant teach a new born to swim in the ocean or tell a five year old to do high school math questions.
What the subject can not do
This is the zone of what the person can do without any help at the moment. They are able to do those things all by themselves. An example could be letting newborn babies drink milk from the mother's breast. You don't have to teach them how to do that.
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This part shows what the person can achieve or do with some help from others. Getting guidance like a teacher or instructor. An example of this could be teaching a kid basic math. With a teacher they can complete it with out much problem.
This is the part for things no matter how much help they get, they won't be able to achieve. Sometimes there are limitations that prevent someone to achieve something no matter how much guidance they get. An example of this would be having a baby run 400 meters in a few minutes. No matter how much they learn their body can't handle the stress.
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