Underground Railroad
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- The Underground Railroad operated from pre-1810 to the 1860's. During this time, it saved over 100,000 lives and passed through 14 states and into Canada.
- The Underground Railroad was " a network of meeting places, secret routes, passageways and safe houses used by slaves in the U.S. to escape slave holding states to northern states and Canada." (Underground Railroad - HistoryNet)
- The Quakers started the Underground Railroad in the 1700s.
- Today, Students, we will be learning about the Underground Railroad.
- Thomas Garret was born into a Quaker family, and after seeing one of his family's servants, a free black lady, kidnapped to be sold into slavery, he and his brothers became firm abolitionists. When he became an iron merchant and moved to Wilmington, Delaware, his home served as a safe house.
- He helped over 2,750 slaves, which included Harriet Tubman. Garret helped slaves escape, gave them money, food, and clothing, along with safe shelter. For this work he was continually threatened and even attacked. But he resolutely picked up the ruins and kept on keeping on doing good.
- Harriet Tubman (also known as General Tubman), an escaped slave, was one of the conductors of the Underground Railroad. She, over 19 trips to the South, saved over 300 lives, going under the nickname "Moses". She is the conductor most know today.
- Levi and Catharine Coffin were avid abolitionists, and helped over 3,500 slaves escape. Levi became an abolitionist at the age of 7, after seeing a group of slaves being taken to the slave auction. Living on a South Carolina farm, he grew up harboring slaves. Later, living in Newport, Indiana and Cincinnati, a week rarely passed without helping a slave find his/her way to freedom. He was a "station-master", and many hid out in his farm buildings.
- An African-American, middle-class man, by the name of Elijah Anderson, lived in Madison, Indiana, which is near the Ohio River, also known by abolitionists as the River Jordan. He helped ferry slaves escaping to freedom across the river. He was light enough in color to pass for a white, and took groups of 20 to 30, sometimes taking them as far as the Coffins in Newport.
- After having to flee following a threatening attach on his hometown, Anderson helped over 800 more fugitives on the route for freedom. He mysteriously died in a jail cell, on the day of his release, after being captured under the accusation that he had stirred up slaves to flee.
- The Underground Railroad used many different codes. Slaves would sew messages in quilts, such as a gourd, signifying the North Star and the Big Dipper. Or they might sing a song using code words to tell others what they knew and what they were going to do. Some code words were: Canaan - Canada, Freedom Train or Gospel Train - The Underground Railroad, Bundles of Wood - Fugitives expected, Flying Bondsmen - Number of escaping slaves, French leave - Sudden Departure, and many others. To find more, check out http://www.harriet-tubman.org/underground-railroad-secret-codes/
- Many others contributed to the Underground Railroad, including the (in)famous John Brown; free-born African American who had the last stop of the Underground Railroad in slave state of Delaware, William Still; Pennsylvania Congressman/abolitionist, Thaddeus Stevens; and, the man who helped found the Underground Railroad, Quaker Isaac Hopper.
- This is the story of the Underground Railroad
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