Cestodes
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- For the pathogenesis, ingested animal excrement eggs in dog or other animal fur may hatch in the gut and release oncospheres (immature forms of the parasite enclosed in an embryonic envelope). Oncospheres enter the body through the intestinal wall, travel through the bloodstream, and eventually settle in the liver, lungs, or, in rare cases, the brain, bone, or other organs. Adult worms do not exist in the human digestive system. Oncospheres of E. granulosus transform into cysts in tissue, which slowly enlarge (typically over many years) into hydatid cysts, which are large unilocular lesions filled with fluid. Brood capsules containing countless tiny infectious protoscolices form within these cysts. Large cysts may contain millions of protoscolices as well as more than 1 L of highly antigenic hydatid fluid. Daughter cysts can form inside or outside of primary cysts. A ruptured or leaking liver cyst can spread infection to the peritoneum.
- For the symptoms, when hydatids develop in the liver, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting are common symptoms. A persistent cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath are all symptoms of lung disease. Other symptoms are determined by the location of the hydatid cysts and the amount of pressure they exert on the tissues around them.
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