The feudal system
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- Under the feudal system all land in a kingdom belonged to the king. They parcelled out smaller parcels to lesser lords on similar terms. It was formed a hierarchical network below the king of earls, barons, lords of the manor and villains, all bound together by pairs of reciprocal obligations.
- The lowest operational unit in this system was the manor, controlled by a lord typically holding the rank of a knight.
- Military service took the form of so many fighting men knights, archers, pikemen, etc for so many days per year, including clothing and weapons. Not all manors were held necessarily by lay lords rendering military service to their superior. A substantial number of manors belonged directly to the king.
- Besides the peasants holding of farm land each peasant had certain rights over the non-arable land of the manors - the common land.
- A peasant could cut a limited amount of hay from the meadow. A peasant's holding, which also included a house in the village, plus formed a self-sufficient unit. The system differed from chattel slavery in that the worker was not owned outright being free in various respects other than in the dispensation of his or her labour.
- The Feudal System included a complex system of rights and obligations. The severest and cruellest penalties were imposed on «villains» who killed game on the lands owned by a lord.
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