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- 1789-1790 – The French Revolution erupts and the Declaration of the Rights of Man is passed. The free blacks and mulatto class demand full French citizenship and rights. An uprising of the free black populace is suppressed in brutal fashion.1791-1792 – In August 1791 a full-fledged slave revolt began. In March 1793 the French assembly granted full rights and French citizenship to free blacks and mulattos. The white planter class objects and further violence erupts. The French send military forces and a new governor to enact these measures.1793 – Great Britain and Spain enter the fight. The British align with the white planter class and see the conflict as an opportunity to restore order and gain control of the lucrative colony. The Spanish controlled the other side of the island of Hispaniola and favored disruption in the colony. They sided with Toussaint Louverture’s forces and provided food, supply, and military support.1794 – France issues a decree freeing all slaves in February. Louverture turns on the Spanish and fights for the French, now believing in their edict to free slaves and knowing the Spanish did not share the same ideals. Andre Riguard leads free black and mulatto forces in the south to fight against the British.1795-1798 – The British send more forces to Saint Domingue, though they are defeated. The forces are plagued by disease and the British lose nearly three of every five men sent to the island. The Spanish exits the conflict in 1795 upon a peace agreement with France. Louverture consolidates control and leadership of the colony.
- 1799-1800 – War of the Knives ensues between Louverture in the north and Riguard in the south. Louverture proves victorious and rules over all of Saint Domingue.1801 – Louverture invades and captures Santo Domingo, the eastern half of the island of Hispaniola. He abolishes slavery there and now rules over the entire island. Louverture issues a constitution claiming autonomy from France.1802 – Napoleon sends brother-in-law Charles Leclerc to subdue Saint Domingue and capture Louverture. The French are met with fierce resistance and brutal tactics are employed by both sides. After two significant generals defect to the French, Louverture agrees to a truce. He is however tricked, then captured and imprisoned in France. He would die months later in a French prison cell.It is learned that France intends to reimplement slavery and the rebellion resumes. General Jean-Jacques Dessalines defects back to the rebels to fight the French once again. Leclerc dies of yellow fever, along with much of his army.
- 1803 – Napoleon diverts troops from the Louisiana territory to Saint Domingue. By April, Napoleon anticipates failure and agrees to sell the Louisiana territory to the United States. French forces are dealt a final defeat in November.1804 – Dessalines officially declares independence on January 1st. The former colony is renamed Haiti, believed to be after the name the original Taino inhabitants used for the island before they were exterminated.The revolution spanned three different presidencies and hence complicated matters. The Washington presidency (1789-1797) favored supporting the white planter class and maintaining the status quo.
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