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- The Russians Build an Empire The modern Russian state resulted from interactions with the Golden Horde Mongols in the 13th and 14th centuries. Through those interactions, the kingdom of Muscovy was appointed the chief tax collector for the Mongols. Through this position, the Muscovy kingdom became the dominant power in the region. In 1480 Russian Czar Ivan III refused to pay the Mongols any further tax.
- Conflicts between the Ottoman and the Safavid were common and caused by a variety of factors. The religious divide between the Shia Safavid and the Sunni Ottoman empires was one main contributor. The Ottoman Empire was the heartland of Sunni Islam and considered the Shia Islamic practices of the Safavid heretical (against proper Islam). Territorial rivalries for control over land and trade routes in the region also stoked conflict.
- Culture in the Safavid empireLike the Mughals and the Ottomans, the Safavid descended from Turkish ancestry.
- However, the Safavid were unique from the Ottomans because the Safavid practiced. Shia Islam while the Ottomans were Sunni.The Safavid state forcibly imposed Shia Islam on non-Shia in Safavid territory.
- Free from Mongol control, Muscovy embarked on 300 years of expansion. This expansion enlarged Muscovy from a few hundred miles to nearly 7000 miles from eastern Europe to the Pacific Ocean. Much of the conquered territory included the extensive grasslands and Siberian wilderness to the east of Moscow. Russian expansion resulted from the following factors.
- The Russian army and Mongol forces met 150 miles east of the Russian capital along the banks of the Volga river. However, no conflict broke out. This bloodless victory marked the official end of Mongol power in Russia and Eastern Europe.
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- The Russians looked east for economic development. In the grasslands directly to Moscow’s east, vast grasslands provided millions of acres of potentially productive agricultural lands. Further to the east in Siberia, Russia looked to harvest valuable pelts of fur-bearing animals (soft gold) and various minerals.
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- After a long period of domination from the Mongols, Russia wanted security from nomadic pastoral peoples in Central Asia to prevent them from raiding into Russian territory.
- Russia’s eastern expansion vastly reshaped the lives and cultures of the natives that lived in the areas Russia conquered.
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