Unknown Story
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- Napoleon was one of the greatest generals who ever lived. But at the end of the 18th century a self-educated slave with no military training drove Napoleon out of Haiti and led his country to independence. The remarkable figure at the center of this slave revolt was Toussaint Breda (later called Toussaint L'Ouverture, and sometimes the “Black Napoleon”).
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- In 1789 the French Revolution rocked France. Enlightenment thinkers...considered seriously the question of slavery. Those moderate revolutionaries were not willing to end slavery but they did apply the "Rights of Man" to all Frenchmen, including free blacks and mulattoes (those of mixed race). Plantation owners in the colonies were furious and fought the measure.Conflicts between plantation owners and the free people of color were raging.
- The slaves took their shot at freedom. Initially led by Dutty Boukman, the slave revolts were very successful early on but stalled out after organized resistance from the plantation owners and the French military.
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- In 1793, the revolution in France was in the hands of the Jacobins, the most radical of the revolutionary groups...who wanted to take the revolution as far as it could go...They again considered the issue of “equality” and voted to end slavery in the French colonies, including what was now known as Haiti.
- Toussaint proved to be a brilliant general, winning 7 battles in 7 days. He became a de facto governor of the colony. In France the Jacobins lost power. People finally tired of blood flowing in the streets and sent Maximilian Robespierre to the guillotine, ending the Reign of Terror.He responded to the pleas of the plantation owners by reinstating slavery in the French colonies, once again plunging Haiti into war.
- By 1803 Napoleon was ready to get Haiti off his back: he and Toussaint agreed to terms of peace. Napoleon agreed to recognize Haitian independence. Toussaint be placed in a prison dungeon in the mountains, and murdered by means of cold, starvation, and neglect. Toussaint died in prison, but others carried on the fight for freedom. Napoleon abandoned Haiti to independence and sold the French territory in North America to the United States (the Louisiana Purchase). Napoleon who would lose his rule and die in prison. Haiti remained free.
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