mRNA vaccines teach our cells how to make a protein that will trigger a response to the virus.
The mRNA tells the cells to make a specific part of the virus.
These are the spike proteins
To destroy the spike proteins the immune system produces T cells and antibodies. Antibodies are made by the immune system to fight infections like viruses. So you want to produce antibodies. T cells can kill virus infected cells.
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Because a little bit of the virus gets injected into you, you will get some mild symptoms of the virus the day after.
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Your immune system will recognize the virus and get rid of the spike proteins and the virus quicker than it would if you didn't have the vaccine. A spike protein is buit by a ribosome which is translation.
This is how your body is better to defend itself after getting the vaccine!