Protagonist Definition a character who pursues the primary goals of the plot of a story | Antagonist Definition a character who stands in opposition to advancing the primary goals of the plot of a story |
The heart of storytelling lies in the dynamic interplay between antagonist vs protagonist, a clash that fuels the narrative's energy, presenting challenges that test the depths of character and resilience. In most kinds of storytelling, there is a central figure whom the story centers around, and often there is someone or inanimate forces who work against them to foil their plans. Both antagonist and protagonist embody intricate motivations that move the story forward, layered complexities, and transformative arcs that infuse vitality into the intricate interplay of conflict and resolution within a narrative. While many students may not realize it, if they can recognize the forces of good and evil in a story, a television show, a movie, a comic, or a video game, then chances are they already understand the fundamental differences between a protagonist and an antagonist in literature. Protagonist and antagonist definitions help establish the narrative framework, shaping the characters' roles and interactions, ultimately guiding the reader through a journey of conflict, growth, and resolution. Popular strong protagonist and main antagonist examples include the iconic rivalry between Sherlock Holmes, the brilliant detective, and his cunning nemesis, Professor Moriarty (the "bad guy"), a battle of wits that has captivated readers for generations. A key defining trait of an antagonist is the ability to challenge the protagonist's path. With that defining trait, the difference between protagonist and antagonist is vividly illustrated; while the protagonist's journey embodies moving the story forward with growth and transformation in the character arc, the antagonist's role lies in catalyzing change through opposition and conflict.
The number of contexts in which one could ask "What does protagonist mean?" are many, including literature, theater, film and television, video games, real-life narratives, educational settings, business narratives, historical accounts, personal development discussions, and social commentary, each highlighting the dynamic role of the central character in various forms of storytelling and human expression. At its core, the protagonist is usually the story's main character or a supporting character, and can be seen as the driving force behind the narrative, shaping the very essence of the story and guiding readers through a captivating journey of trials and triumphs. The protagonist pursues the goals of the plot of a story, which may differentiate them from other main characters, mentors, or sidekicks. A protagonist is often known as the heroic protagonist or the "good guy", and is one of the more memorable characters. However, he or she can also be reluctantly chosen or cynical about the whole ordeal, or even be a false protagonist! Most display common traits, which set them apart from the other characters:
Crafting a compelling character in a compelling story goes beyond just their actions; it involves delving into the depths of protagonist personality, creating a multifaceted individual that resonates with readers on a personal level. From the determined and unwavering Katniss Everdeen in 'The Hunger Games' to the morally complex Walter White in 'Breaking Bad,' these protagonist examples showcase the diverse range of characters that captivate audiences with their unique journeys.
The antagonist, also known as the "bad guy" or the villain antagonist, stands in opposition to the protagonist’s goals. An antagonist is often known as the story's anti hero who embodies evil, but an antagonist can also come in the form of a group of people, an institution, a force in nature, or a personal conflict or flaw the protagonist must overcome. The antagonist's meaning within the storyline goes beyond a simple opposition; they are the embodiment of conflict, the shadows that challenge the protagonist. An antagonistic definition is simply not complete without acknowledging its role as the driving force of opposition in a narrative, creating hurdles that test the protagonist's resolve and catalyze their growth. The best way to understand the antagonist is to ask who is standing in the way of the story’s goal? The antagonist often shares some of the most notable traits as the protagonist, although for different reasons. The antagonist's meaning in a story extends far beyond being a mere adversary. Common traits of many traditional antagonists include:
Note: Sometimes the protagonist is evil and the antagonist is good, like in Shakespeare’s play The Tragedy of Richard III. The key is always to ask who is advancing the plot’s goals, and who is standing in the way? In Richard III, Richard’s goal is to take and hold the throne; however, he is defeated in battle by Henry, the Earl of Richmond, who becomes King Henry VII and begins the Tudor dynasty in England. Shakespeare's play 'Macbeth' provides a classic antagonist vs protagonist example, where the power-hungry Macbeth faces off against the valiant Macduff, showcasing the intense clash between ambition and righteousness.
Although this activity can be used for multiple grade levels, below are Common Core State Standards for Grades 9-10. Please see your Common Core State Standards for the correct grade-appropriate strands.
ELA-Literacy.RL.9-10.1: Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text
ELA-Literacy.RL.9-10.3: Analyze how complex characters (e.g., those with multiple or conflicting motivations) develop over the course of a text, interact with other characters, and advance the plot or develop the theme
ELA-Literacy.RL.9-10.6: Analyze a particular point of view or cultural experience reflected in a work of literature from outside the United States, drawing on a wide reading of world literature
Students may find it helpful to keep track of the important characteristics of the protagonists and antagonists that they identify as they read. Use the example below to have students depict and provide analysis of these characteristics as they read. The following example utilizes Arthur and Mordred from The Once and Future King:
Storyboard That provides premade templates for you to assign to your students. All templates are customizable, making differentiation simple!
A protagonist is the central figure in a story who pursues the goals of the plot. They are often referred to as the hero of the story and display traits such as being driven by a goal or curiosity, having a relatable character flaw, being loyal to cause, family, and allies, experiencing change, being brave and courageous, and invoking trust or likability.
An antagonist is the character or force that stands in opposition to the protagonist’s goals. They are often referred to as the villain of the story and can come in the form of a group of people, an institution, a force in nature, or a personal conflict or flaw the protagonist must overcome. Common traits of antagonists include being driven by a goal or duty, having a relatable character flaw, being loyal to cause, family, and allies, adapting easily to obstacles and change, having secret or important information, and invoking feelings of unease or distrust.
It's often to thwart the protagonist's progress, to challenge their beliefs, and to create a compelling conflict that propels the narrative to its resolution. Antagonist characters inject a dynamic dose of conflict and complexity into the narrative, driving the protagonist to confront their fears, evolve, and ultimately shape the story's trajectory. What is an antagonist character's most defining trait? It's the ability to cast a shadow of challenge and complexity over the protagonist's path, adding layers of depth to the narrative and driving its compelling dynamics.